Moody’s Investors Service, (“Moody’s”) has today changed the outlook on the Government of Costa Rica’s ratings to negative from stable. Concurrently, Moody’s has affirmed Costa Rica’s B2 long-term issuer and senior unsecured bond ratings.

The negative outlook reflects Costa Rica’s increased funding risks due to higher borrowing requirements resulting from pandemic-related economic and fiscal shocks.

The affirmation of Costa Rica’s B2 rating takes into account the sovereign’s higher-than-peer’s wealth levels and its dynamic economy. Costa Rica also benefits from comparatively strong institutional governance indicators.

Costa Rica’s foreign currency bond ceiling remains unchanged at Ba3; the foreign currency deposit ceiling remains unchanged at B3; and the local currency bond and deposit ceilings remain unchanged at Ba1. The short-term foreign currency bond ceiling and the short-term foreign currency deposit ceiling remain unchanged at Not Prime (NP).

RATINGS RATIONALE

RATIONALE FOR NEGATIVE OUTLOOK

INCREASED FUNDING RISKS RESULTING FROM PANDEMIC-RELATED SHOCKS

The decision to change the outlook to negative reflects the expected impact on Costa Rica’s budget deficits , and the related increased risk of funding pressures, resulting from the coronavirus shock. Moody’s considers this shock as a social risk under its ESG framework. The pandemic has led to a sharp recession and higher fiscal deficits which will require increased borrowing from the government both this year and next. For 2020 the government will rely heavily on funding from official sources but next year’s borrowing will require tapping international markets, where spreads today remain prohibitively high.

Moody’s expects the economy will fall 4% in 2020, with most of the drop in growth felt in the first half of 2020, and that Costa Rica won’t return to positive year-on-year growth until the first quarter of 2021. Real GDP is expected to recover in 2021, advancing by about 3%, but will be insufficient to make up for the lost economic output this year.

The recession, only the third in over half a century, will lead to higher fiscal deficits due to rising interest costs and pandemic related-spending. Moody’s now expects the 2020 fiscal deficit to reach 9.7% of GDP and further expects the deficit to fall only moderately in 2021 to 8.4% of GDP. This will contribute to a rise in public sector indebtedness that is higher than what was anticipated when the rating agency lowered the country’s sovereign rating to B2 early this year and add to the medium term challenges of containing further erosion of the government’s balance sheet and the burden of interest payments on its relatively small revenue base.

Higher fiscal deficits will push government borrowing requirements to close to 15% of GDP in both 2020 and 2021, a historically high number. For 2020 the government plans to rely heavily on multilateral funding as it expects no access to international capital markets but 2021 will require a return to international private funding.

The rating agency estimates this year’s funding needs at 14.7% of GDP, four percentage points of GDP higher than pre-pandemic forecasts. Multilateral official lending will be a key source of funding in 2020, representing 36% of all government borrowing compared to only 13% in 2019. On April 29 the International Monetary Fund (IMF) approved $504 million in emergency assistance, adding to loans from the Inter-American Development Bank and the Central American Bank for Economic Integration.

Moody’s expects 2021 funding needs to remain similar to this year’s level but with a greater reliance on international capital markets. The government expects to issue about $1.5 billion, or 2.7% of GDP, in international capital markets next year. Sovereign spreads on external funding stand at close to 800 bps, compared to pre-crisis levels of 400-500 bps. If interest rates do not return to prior lows the government will likely need to increase its domestic funding to over 10% of GDP, testing the ability of the local financial system to meet increased government borrowing requirements and raising the risk of levels of funding stress not consistent with a B2 rating. In 2018 lack of access to domestic and international funding led the government to request an emergency loan from the central bank.

RATIONALE FOR AFFIRMING THE B2 RATING

COMPARATIVELY STRONG ECONOMY AND INSTITUTIONS SUPPORT CURRENT RATING

Despite the current coronavirus-related recession Costa Rica’s economy is characterized by sustained and stable growth, averaging 3.6% annually from 2010 to 2019. The country’s long term economic outlook remains strong. Costa Rica has one of the most stable economies in Latin America and this year’s downturn will be only the third recession in the last 60 years. In that time period Costa Rica’s economy has transitioned from simple agricultural exports, to tourism, light maquilas, and more recently business outsourcing and medical technology exports. Costa Rica’s GDP per capita (PPP) at $18,702 in 2019 is more than double the B-rated median of $7,702 and its $62 billion economy is larger than the $26 billion B-median.

Costa Rica further benefits from economic and market diversity. Historically dependent on agriculture, farming is now one of the smaller sectors in the economy. Over the past decades, the country has made significant strides in diversifying its productive base by nurturing high-tech and service-based sectors such as consumer electronics, finance and tourism. Currently, Costa Rica’s largest sectors are healthcare and education, professional services, which spans scientific and technology sectors, and manufacturing, together accounting for about 40% of economic output.

Exports in Costa Rica are generally more diversified than in most other Latin American countries. Using data from the MIT’s Observatory of Economic Complexity, which looks at the diversity of products and export markets, Costa Rica ranked 49 out of 125 countries and third overall in Latin America in terms of economic complexity in 2017, the latest available data.

Costa Rica also compares favorably to other sovereigns in the region on measures such as government effectiveness, rule of law and control of corruption. Costa Rica’s democracy is the oldest in the region. These features of the country’s institutional makeup are supportive of the country’s credit risk profile because they speak to institutional continuity and political stability, elements that tend to be correlated with policy predictability.

ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL, AND GOVERNANCE CONSIDERATIONS

Environmental considerations present moderate risks to Costa Rica’s credit profile. Lower crop yields because of climate events can harm the agricultural export sector. The impact of climate change has recently been cited by the central bank as potentially having a material impact on economic growth. These considerations have been incorporated into our assessment of both economic strength and susceptibility to event risk.

Social considerations, historically not material to Costa Rica’s credit profile given a long history of stable governments and democratic institutions, will rise due to the impact of the coronavirus pandemic. Moody’s regards the coronavirus outbreak as a social risk under its ESG framework, given the substantial implications for public health and safety. For Costa Rica the pandemic will lower growth and further deteriorate government finances, impacting credit metrics and increasing the risk of social protests. Social risks may also materialize if future fiscal adjustments were to severely affect popular social programs and pensions and if that led to widespread protests.

Governance considerations have a moderate to high impact on the credit profile as the political inability of several administrations has resulted in a fiscal crisis that will likely require significant fiscal consolidation and structural reforms.

FACTORS THAT COULD LEAD TO AN UPGRADE OR DOWNGRADE OF THE RATINGS

WHAT COULD CHANGE THE RATING UP

Given the negative outlook, a rating upgrade is unlikely. The outlook could return to stable if the government effectively implements structural budgetary adjustments that ease funding risks and reduce fiscal deficits to limit the worsening in government debt indicators and improve market confidence leading to more sustainable cost of funding.

WHAT COULD CHANGE THE RATING DOWN

Prospects of continued fiscal deterioration that result in higher government debt metrics than what Moody’s currently projects, as well as continued market access challenges and higher funding costs, could lead to a rating downgrade. Evidence of stress in the banking system, or a significant increase in the level of financial dollarization could also place downward pressure on the rating.

GDP per capita (PPP basis, US$): 17,566 (2018 Actual) (also known as Per Capita Income)

Real GDP growth (% change): 2.7% (2018 Actual) (also known as GDP Growth)

Inflation Rate (CPI, % change Dec/Dec): 2% (2018 Actual)

Gen. Gov. Financial Balance/GDP: -5.8% (2018 Actual) (also known as Fiscal Balance)

Current Account Balance/GDP: -3.1% (2018 Actual) (also known as External Balance)

External debt/GDP: 48% (2018 Actual)

Economic resiliency: ba1

Default history: No default events (on bonds or loans) have been recorded since 1983.

On 28 May 2020, a rating committee was called to discuss the rating of the Costa Rica, Government of. The main points raised during the discussion were: The issuer’s economic fundamentals, including its economic strength, have decreased. The issuer’s fiscal or financial strength, including its debt profile, has decreased. The issuer has become increasingly susceptible to event risks.

The principal methodology used in these ratings was Sovereign Ratings Methodology published in November 2019 and available at https://www.moodys.com/researchdocumentcontentpage.aspx?docid=PBC_1158631. Alternatively, please see the Rating Methodologies page on www.moodys.com for a copy of this methodology.

The weighting of all rating factors is described in the methodology used in this credit rating action, if applicable.